Racism and Discrimination in to Kill a Mockingbird Essay

Racism and Discrimination as the theme in To Kill A Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird written by Harper Lee is a Pulitzer Prize winning novel, that offers a view of life through a young girl’s eyes. The novel is focused on two main themes which are racism and discrimination. Racism is probably the biggest theme of the novel. It comes in as an open and subtle manner that is being displayed through speeches and actions. Racism in Maycomb takes mainly the form of having white people against black people. There are many people in Maycomb that are racist because they think of Negroes are a disgraced race and are mostly unreliable and untrustworthy. The speeches and actions are the most common forms of racism however the layout of the†¦show more content†¦Despite the similarities, racism is slightly different to discrimination which will be the next theme being discussed next. Discrimination is the main focus of this novel. Racism may seem like the only form of discrimination present but there are many other varieties such as being outcast and ostracized. The Maycomb society in To Kill a Mockingbird finds it hard to accept people that are different from the average standard of the community. The people that do not fit in with the society are often cast out and demonized over time. The prime example of this in the novel is Arthur Radley. Arthur had an unfortunate history. He was â€Å"aquainted with some of the Cunninghams (pg 10)† in his teens and eventually ended up in court charged with disorderly conduct. He could not be locked up with Negroes because the Negroes could not cope with him so he ended up in the court-house basement for a period of time. He was eventually released but remained locked up by being â€Å"chained to the bed most of the time (pg12)† back at home by Mr. Radley. Since Arthur was absent from the Maycomb community, he was eventually condemned and known as the â€Å"malevolent phantom (pg9)† who â€Å"went out at night when the moon was high and peeped in windows (pg)† of the Maycomb people. â€Å"When people’s azaleas froze in a cold snap, it was because he breathed on them.Show MoreRelatedRacism, Injustice, and Discrimination in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird800 Words   |  4 PagesRacism, Injustice, and Discrimination in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird According to Shackleford, â€Å"The novel portrays a young girls love for her father and brother and the experience of childhood during the Great Depression in a racist, segregated society, which uses superficial and materialistic values to judge outsiders, including the powerful character Boo Radley† (Shackelford). The main character relates closely with her father because he is the superior role model in her life. Having herRead MoreAnalysis Of Harper Lee s Kill A Mockingbird 1491 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee’s ​ To Kill a Mockingbird ​ is a critically acclaimed, Pulitzer Prize winning novel that instantly attained its position as one of the greatest literary classics (Editors).The story of Scout Finch’s childhood has become one of the most notable narratives that addresses controversial issues present in the early 20th century. Lee’s novel depicts themes of race, justice, and innocence throughout the novel. Although ​ To Kill a Mockingbird​ is regarded as a literary masterpiece in AmericanRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird vs a Raisin in the Sun1396 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent authors, who wrote two very different works. To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel about how prejudice and discrimination can lead to an innocent man being convicted of a crime he didn’t commit just because of his skin color. A Raisin in the Sun is a play about how the value of a family can overcome racism in a new town and allow a family to prosper, even in the worst conditions. However, both of these works deal with racism and discrimination in similar ways. Conversely, Harper Lee, being a whiteRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Racism : Segregation And Violence1400 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of Racism: Segregation and Violence Racial discrimination affects many minority groups and this issue still occurs to this day. Racial discrimination is the act of treating others differently because of the color of their skin. Although there have been laws placed to prohibit racial discrimination, racism still occurs and continues to have many negative effects to minority groups today. The negative effects of racial discrimination are discussed in the fiction novel, To Kill a Mockingbird by HarperRead MoreThe South : Controversial Topics On Harper Lee s Kill A Mockingbird1475 Words   |  6 Pagesin Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is a critically acclaimed, Pulitzer Prize winning novel that instantly attained its position as one of the greatest literary classics (Editors).The story of Scout Finch’s childhood has become one of the most notable narratives that addresses controversial issues present in the early 20th century. Lee’s novel depicts themes of race, justice, and innocence throughout the novel. Although To Kill a Mockingbird is regarded as a literaryRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird: Discrimination Essay873 Words   |  4 PagesDiscrimination is prevalent in the story â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†, the most obvious being the excessive amount of racism (Lee). Racism is the easiest to see but there are more forms of discrimination (Lee). Boo Radley is ostracized from the community when truly nobody really knows him (Lee). People discriminate Scout for being a tomboy not a lady (Lee). The last one that no one ever thinks about is how reverse racism is seen when people threaten Atticus for defending Tom Robinson in court (Lee)Read MoreRacism, Racism And Discrimination1366 Words   |  6 PagesRacism and discrimination, with or without recognition or existence of the label that is tied to itself, has always been a large part of society that can be dated all the way back to the Fall of Man. It is apparent in books, such as To Kill a Mockingbird, and is expressed throughout the world today. In the early 1900s, racial discrimination was still very prominent, but has slowly digressed until recent years where it has taken new forms. The historical context, the distinguished novel To Kill aRead MoreRacism And Critical Disposition Of Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1415 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Racism and Critical Disposition in Maycomb County Racism was a tremendous issue in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird. It was applied throughout the novel and was increasingly used to judge others in Maycomb’s society. Racism was revealed through the novel to characters Jem, Scout, and Dill who were young children that were learning about the good and evil in the small town they lived in. Racism was a constant and significant topic. There were many aspects that contributed to racism and provedRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee913 Words   |  4 PagesIn Defense of To Kill A Mockingbird Rough Draft To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee has been banned and/or challenged over thirty times since its publication in 1960. Effectively preventing many students from enjoying the novel and benefitting from its message. To ignore racism is no different than denying it ever existed. To Kill a Mockingbird is appropriate for mature adolescence/students and should not be banned from schools. Despite its sexual related content, or profanity, a valuable lessonRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird And Kindred Essay735 Words   |  3 Pagesor ethnic identity† (Ashe). Throughout the novels, â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird† and â€Å"Kindred†, the authors address important issues like social and racial injustice, racism, and discrimination in our history. In â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird†, we follow young Scout and Jeremy as they began to discover the true meaning of discrimination. In â€Å"Kindred†, we follow a young woman as she travels back in time as a slave and discovers the true cruelty of racism. Although these novels were set in different time periods

Important Solutions to What Activity Would You Keep Doing Essay Samples in Step by Step Detail

Important Solutions to What Activity Would You Keep Doing Essay Samples in Step by Step Detail There are lots of facets of subject that you may write a police custom essay about. The majority of the time you aren't connected to the writing, as it's official and logic-based, and you are most likely writing about a topic you likewise don't like. To compose an interesting and argumentative essay on daily routine you'll have thoroughly inquire into the problem and select only important and appropriate info. The subject is at the crux of your essay the one that you pick will establish the results of the readers' experience. One of the most frequent mistakes people make when they first begin writing their essays is they get so involved with the story they're telling, that they almost neglect to relate its private value to them. When you discuss something interesting like that, you can be sure that people will certainly read your essay and search for more. It's possible to refer a police essay example to find a notion. If you wish to make an academic essay that's both outstanding and relevant, always set the items that we've discussed above in mind. The essay is broken up into three big pieces. An academic essay always must be relevant. Your academic essay should evoke an emotion that is needed to spark different ideas, opinions and other sorts of responses. Always keep in mind that it should be playful it must not bore your audience. Bear in mind that not every part of your participation could possibly be enjoyable. There are many advantages of physical activity aside from the obvious benefit of having a much better physical look. Long-term use of such drugs can cut back the mental capabilities of someone. As soon as your list of explanations for why you take part in this activity, choose the top three. Sum up all of the information which you have presented so that people are able to identify whether your conclusion has lived up to the content of what you've written. Based on the subject of education where you are in, you will need to make certain your readers can observe patterns of evidence presented so that they c an clearly see how you had the ability to generate and produce insights. Writing a claim will likewise be pegged on the outline where the key thoughts will come into play in addition to the absolute most substantial facets. Since writing a profile essay can look like a tedious activity to some, ensuring that you've got the most suitable info, subject and knowing the right method to write will provide you with a much easier experience. Here's What I Know About What Activity Would You Keep Doing Essay Samples Doing aerobic exercise regularly can help to keep fit and help to receive healthier way of life. Keeping up a normal cardio routine is a fantastic way to get fit and also it helps benefit you in various prolonging ways. Diet isn't the one thing which should be factored into a wholesome way of life. Both nutrition and exercise play an extremely vital part in the quantity of fat stored within the body. It's practically impossible to keep all them in mind. Daily routine i s a rather important and integral portion of our life. There might be a lot of men and women who require assistance with police essay writing. You should give a mental image of the individual or the place you're writing about. The New Angle On What Activity Would You Keep Doing Essay Samples Just Released Should you need assistance with essay writing, feel free to get in touch with our friendly support group or place an order and we'll gladly help you. There are a lot of facilities out there to assist you to stay alive and healthy. If you're struggling with writing essays and wish to boost your skills, taking a course or workshop can be exceedingly helpful. For instance, maybe you mention on your activity sheet that you've done volunteer work at a hospital, and that you have many responsibilities. What Activity Would You Keep Doing Essay Samples - the Story Besides aiding you to look great it makes it possible to feel excellent, too. Men and women have a tendency to decide on a variety of themes of who they are and attempt to describe all of them. A new experience I would love to include would be that if I move to some other city or place I'd like to find someone after possible to do physical activity with and begin making new friends once I go traveling or if I go traveling.

Premiums Respect To Rail Transit Stations -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Premiums Respect To Rail Transit Stations? Answer: Introduction The light rail project of Adelaide is a public transport system for the capital city of South Australia. From the year 2003, the public transport of Adelaide is shifted focused on the light rail transit technology. It becomes a substantial upgradation as well as expansion programs. The scope of this project is to establish a head electric wires, track the installation route of the light rail and draw a blueprint of the light rail transit (LRT) systems. The main aim of construction of light rail is to reduce the traffic into the road, reduction of contamination within the city and use of advanced technology for development of Adelaide city. The track of the light rail network is extended on from the Adelaide through Bridgewater towards Mount Barker. There is an upgradation of existing tramline infrastructure as well as its services. The entire project is installed of tramline overhead of wiring as well as safety works. The report analyzes the light rail project of Adelaide by conducting preliminary design of the system with help of smart technology. It is the first phase of the designing process that is used to investigate the layout of existing areas of the light rail network. In this particular assignment task, the entire system configuration of light rail network is defined with its layouts of the project which provides with early configurations of this project. This particular report is helpful to investigate on the system design of the light rail as a public transport medium. Detailed design and development are also summarized to make a proper understanding of the network to support implications of design concepts. The report also highlights on the system test, validation, evaluation and optimization of the light rail network so that it provides a effective public transport to the population of Adelaide. Preliminary design Adelaides light rail extension from Adelaide through Bridgewater towards Mount Barker is considered as essential vision of the Australian government to integrate of light rail services into the wider metropolitan public transport network. The project claims to connect South Australia with an opportunity to expand their network towards other key destinations of South Australia (Bonotti et al. 2015). The project is aimed to increase use of public transport by adding of convenience as well as attractiveness of the LRT system among the public of Adelaide. Preliminary construction of the project is started with upgradation of the light rail track. Funding of around $115 million is allocated towards upgrade of the rail tracks into the urban area of Adelaide. It provides foundation of the integrated public transport network in order to meet the strategic plan of South Australia (Bhattacharjee and Goetz 2017). The preliminary design of the network consists of installation of concrete sleeper s, formation of repairs, upgradation of level crossing as well as other lightning works on the Bridgewater rail line. For planning of the infrastructure of LRT system, diverse modes are used to lessen blunders. ISO norms are needed to keep usage of the overhead lines as well as electrical equipments used to construct the light rail network. The vehicles for the light rail are formed of multi section articulated in order to minimize the swept path. The low floor is of 350mm at the doors. The vehicles are of length of 30 or 40 meters. The width is of 265 meters. The alignment width is of 7 meters along with its widening throughout the curves. The medium radius of the curve is 25 meters with maximum gradient is of 8 percent (Pan 2013). Apart from this, segregation is targeted at 100 percent with reserved space in the road. There is reallocation of the space for the road for exclusive use of LRT system with proper road levels to meet with local requirements of length of the network routes. The project provides 100 percent priority to the signaled intersections by designing proper way finding signals at the intersections for doing proper rail construction (Ruming, Mee and McGuirk 20160. Automatic vehicle location system is also designed to provide priority to signaled intersections which help to reduce time of the entire jou rney as well as superior journey time dependability. The height of the platform is 350mm above the rail with end ramps at 5 percent gradient. The platforms are step free access with fully integrated pedestrian areas wherever it is possible. The length of the platform is such that a longest vehicle can stop. The width of the platform is considered as well as designed as 3 meters (side platform) continued by 4 meters (island platform). The stops of the vehicles are integrated with the existing pedestrian crosswalks at the intersections. Again, the stop infrastructure is provided an image of the LRT system with stop elements consists of seating, ticketing, and help points, announcements for the passengers, CCTV, branding, real time and passenger information and shelters (Stow et al. 2017). Detailed design and development The light rail network of Adelaide consists of the following designing equipments to construct an effective and sustainable LRT system for the population of South Australia. The design of the overhead lines, traction power substations, platforms and way finding signage are based on stop type, location and surrounding of the light rail network as well as functions (Kim and Lahr 2014). Detailed design of the light rail network of Adelaide is summarized as follows: Overhead lines: LRT system of Adelaide needs electric power supply with the vehicles is powered via the overhead lines. The overhead lines which provide of electric power to the vehicles of light rail are considered as an integral alignment route. LRT system is much lighter and it consists of elegant design which would minimize the impacts of the post, contract wire as well as electrical feeding (Dziauddin, Powe and Alvanides 2015). In South Australia, the heights of the wire is approximately 4.2 meters which is above the rail level used for the LRT system into the streets. Lower height of wire is considered where the routes are segregated from the vehicles. Overhead lines are located at side of the alignment of LRT or it will locate between two tracks (Nelson et al. 2015). Street lights as well as other electrical equipments are designed in such a way that it can be maintained safety without hampering the LRT system. A light grey color or any metallic would reflect the finish of the overhead poles. Traction power substations (TPSS): LRT system consists of TPSS at the intervals along with the route towards step down the higher voltage of AC supply to 750V of DC which is to be fed on the overhead line. Exterior design of the substations is made based on the surroundings (Brown et al. 2015). The location is followed to access maintenance and proper fire services access. Signal controlling equipments are also integrated with the traffic signal controlling as well as design of the cabinets is also followed the practice of city of Adelaide. Design of platforms: The position as well as height of the platform is provided with step free and in addition to gap free boarding among the edge of the platform along with the vehicle door threshold (Ransom and Kelemen 2016). For the LRT system, the horizontal clearance is to be specified as 40mm in order to permit tolerances into the construction of track as well as platforms (Currie and Delbosc 2013). The design of the platform should be such that the door threshold is at a level with edge of platform when the body is at lower position of vehicle suspension with slight stepping up in the vehicle when there is higher vehicle suspension. Way finding signage: It is employed to as well as from the stop in order to provide with easy navigation of the light rail route on the track. It will reduce the occurrence of any types of accidents on the road (Allan, Nawaz and Fielke 2015). The stops of the vehicles are accessible from side of the streets with crosswalks of the adjacent roadways which is provided at connection ending of the platform. System test, evaluation and validation and optimization System test: Testing of the light rail is conducted during the construction stage after completion of detailed design. Inspection testing is conducted to test the equipments during the construction of light rail network. It ensures that all the design components are supplied as per the project requirements (Baumgarten et al. 2014). It also confirms that all the components are meeting with design specifications. Routine test is done to do visual inspection, check for track dimension, electricity check, calibration and mechanical test. It will test the mechanical strength, reliability and electrical characteristics. Site acceptance test is also conducted on installed equipments. Performance test is also performed on the system to see if the system is performed properly or not (Mulley et al. 2016). It also involved investigating the performance of functions on the equipments as well as system with involvement of system operator. Evaluation: The system evaluation of light rail network is based on the requirements of vehicle supplier. The project management team ensures the sustainability of the project work based on evaluation of project funding. A calculation is done on impact of light rail on the environment, which helps to predict if the network is sustainable for the public or not (Liu, Fagnant and Zhang 2016). It is evaluated that due to implementation of light rail network, it will reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases from the public transport. There is reduction of energy consumption. The emissions of gases are reduced by 8 percent in the year 2025 as well as approximately 15 percent by the year 2035. Validation: CAD is used to form of the 3D display of the light rail network. Therefore, proper validation is required for CAD and simulation software such as NETSIM for the purpose to model LRT system. The models are validated to produce accurate estimation of the stopped delay as well as percentage stop at individual intersections into the network. The models are proper and accurate estimation of the network travel times (Kim and Lahr 2014). The models are performed to stimulate the controlled impacts as well as behavior of the LRT system into modeled systems. Optimization: It is required to optimize the locations of the stations as well as alignment of track for the rail transit line. There is development of special algorithms which allow optimization of alignment in order to take advantage of the links into existing network for the reduction of construction cost and in addition to account for the disturbances of the traffic on the roadway (Pan 2013). The transit planner should produce an optimized alternative for the design of the station location and alignment of track. The models used are optimized the vertical alignment as well as speed and also coasting distances. Conclusion It is concluded that the light rail network for population of South Australia will help to reduce congestion at the road and reduces the traffic into city of Adelaide. Development of the light rail framework with use of advanced technology helps to mitigate the problems and issues related to traffic. The light rail network also reduces the journey time of the public. The preliminary design of the network consists of design of tracks, signals as well as platforms. Before implementation of this project, design is prepared which is investigated by the Australian government. The benefits behind implementation of light rail network are lessening of traffic and congestions, decrease of pollution and development of smarter city. The layout of the track is proper which is beneficial for efficient development of the sustainable light rail system. Light rails speed is increased based on controlling of the signal and maintenance of the rail track. It will reduce the occurrence of accidents on t he road and makes a proper LRT system for the public of Adelaide city. Height, width, length of the platforms, positioning of the signals side the track and at the interactions is also required for an efficient LRT framework. References Allan, A., Nawaz, M. and Fielke, M., 2015. Transforming Adelaide into a city of networked TODs using buses: case study of the Adelaide OBahn. Australasian Transport Research Forum. Baumgarten, B., Bernard, M., Robin, P. and Rotarescu, L., 2014. Reducing cost of a tram system for smaller urban areas.CORE 2014: Rail Transport For A Vital Economy, p.42. Bhattacharjee, S. and Goetz, A.R., 2017. Response to The impact of light rail on congestion in Denver: A reappraisal.Journal of Transport Geography,58, pp.269-271. Bonotti, R., Rossetti, S., Tiboni, M. and Tira, M., 2015. Analysing Space-Time Accessibility Towards the Implementation of the Light Rail System: The Case Study of Brescia. Planning Practice Research, 30(4), pp.424-442. Brown, B.B., Werner, C.M., Tribby, C.P., Miller, H.J. and Smith, K.R., 2015. Transit use, physical activity, and body mass index changes: objective measures associated with complete street light-rail construction.American journal of public health,105(7), pp.1468-1474. Currie, G. and Delbosc, A., 2013. Exploring comparative ridership drivers of bus rapid transit and light rail transit routes.Journal of Public Transportation,16(2), p.3. Currie, G. and Delbosc, A., 2014. Assessing bus rapid transit system performance in Australasia.Research in Transportation Economics,48, pp.142-151. Dziauddin, M.F., Powe, N. and Alvanides, S., 2015. Estimating the effects of light rail transit (LRT) system on residential property values using geographically weighted regression (GWR).Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy,8(1), pp.1-25. Kim, K. and Lahr, M.L., 2014. The impact of Hudson?Bergen Light Rail on residential property appreciation.Papers in Regional Science,93(S1). Liu, R.R., Fagnant, D.J. and Zhang, W.B., 2016. Beyond Single Occupancy Vehicles: Automated Transit and Shared Mobility. InRoad Vehicle Automation 3(pp. 259-275). Springer International Publishing. Mulley, C., Ma, L., Clifton, G., Yen, B. and Burke, M., 2016. Residential property value impacts of proximity to transport infrastructure: An investigation of bus rapid transit and heavy rail networks in Brisbane, Australia.Journal of Transport Geography,54, pp.41-52. Nelson, A.C., Eskic, D., Hamidi, S., Petheram, S.J., Ewing, R. and Liu, J.H., 2015. Office rent premiums with respect to light rail transit stations: Case study of Dallas, Texas, with implications for planning of transit-oriented development.Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (2500), pp.110-115. Pan, Q., 2013. The impacts of an urban light rail system on residential property values: a case study of the Houston METRORail transit line.Transportation Planning and Technology,36(2), pp.145-169. Ransom, M.R. and Kelemen, T., 2016. The impact of light rail on congestion in Denver: A reappraisal.Journal of Transport Geography,54, pp.214-217. Ruming, K.J., Mee, K. and McGuirk, P.M., 2016. Planned derailment for new urban futures? An actant network analysis of the" great [light] rail debate" in Newcastle, Australia. Stow, J., Cooney, N., Goodall, R.M. and Sellick, R., 2017. The use of wheelmotors to provide active steering and guidance for a light rail vehicle.

The final product Essay Example

The final product Paper Abstract: In this experiment three Werner complexes, hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride, pentaamminechlorocobalt(III) chloride and hexaamminenickel(II) chloride were synthesized so their structural formula could be examined through magnetic susceptibility, electronic conductance measurements and the analysis of free chloride in the two cobalt complexes through titrations of silver nitrate. Cobalt (III) coordination compounds usually only form in low spin, octahedral complexes where the all t2g are paired leaving all the eg unpaired; whereas nickel(II) complexes are usually formed in the high spin state1. Through these analytical methods, it was found that: hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride has three free chloride ions to form the complex [Co(NH3)6]Cl3, in the low-spin state. Pentaamminechlorocobalt(III) chloride and hexaamminenickel(II) chloride both have two free chlorine ions to form the complexes [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 and [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 respectively. As expected, pentaamminechlorocobalt(III) chloride has a low spin electron arrangement, and hexaamminenickel(II) chloride is in a high spin state. Introduction: Alfred Werner was the first to discover the structure for coordination compound in 1893, thus they were given the name Werner Complexes. For this research he was given the Nobel Prize in 1913. Werner complexes are complex ions that contain a transition metal in the center, which is surrounded by anionic or neutral ligands. 2 The metal in this case acts as a Lewis acid (electron pair accepting) and the anionic ligands act as a Lewis base (electron pair donating). Using pentaamminechlorocobalt(III) chloride, Co(NH3)3Cl3, as an example, there are four possible structures depending on how the ligands are arranged. We will write a custom essay sample on The final product specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The final product specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The final product specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer [Co(NH3)3Cl3] + 3NH3 In this case, all the chlorine anions are bound directly to the cobalt metal, and three neutral amine molecules are present somewhere else in the crystal lattice [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ + Cl- + 2NH3 Here, two chlorines are directly bound to the cobalt metal with two neutral non boding amine molecules. There is also one free chlorine anion to balance the charge of the cobalt complex. [Co(NH3)5Cl]2+ + 2Cl- + NH3 The third possible arrangement is where there is one chlorine attached to the central cobalt with a single amine molecule elsewhere in the lattice. Again, there are two free chloride ions to balance the charge [Co(NH3)5]3+ + 3Cl- Finally, the cobalt complex can be arranged with just the amine ligands directly bound to it in a square pyramidal geometry instead of a more stable octahedral geometry seen in the other three complexes. This leaves the three chlorine anions non-bonded, and counterbalancing the 3+ charge from the complex. To find the actual arrangement and geometry of the three complexes, conductance measurements, magnetic susceptibility and free chloride ions through titrations can be measured and analyzed. Electronic conductance measurements helps determine the amount of chloride ions not attached to the metal. This is possible because when dissolving a salt in water, the molecule separates into cations and anions, each which can conduct electricity. The conductance measured can be compared to a literature reference of how many total ions correspond to the value. With this, logically dividing the charges between the cations and anions present will help determine the overall structure of the molecule. The second technique for determining the amount of ions present in a Werner complex is magnetic susceptibility. With finding the magnetic susceptibility using a magnetic susceptibility of a compound, one can calculate whether the compound is paramagnetic or diamagnetic. If the mass magnetic susceptibility, ? g, is negative, then the compound is diamagnetic; however, if ? g is positive, then the compound is paramagnetic. The apparatus used for this experiment is a Evans/Johnson Mathey Magnetic Susceptibility Balance. The last technique used was titrating a sample with silver nitrate. Since the three samples contain chloride ions, titrating it with silver nitrate would precipitate silver chloride, which is very insoluble. Based on the volume of silver nitrate used to reach the end point, one can calculate the amount of silver chloride precipitated. The amount of silver chloride precipitated is also the amount of free chloride ions in the mixture. Comparing the ratio of moles of silver nitrate used to the moles of analyte in the mixture will show the amount of non-bonding chlorine present. Procedure and observations: Synthesis of hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride: The synthesis was started by adding cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate(4. 690g) and ammonium chloride (2.946g) to water(5mL) which formed a purple solution from the original red/pink powder. This solution was heated up and turned dark blue once it was all dissolved. Activating charcoal was then added as a catalyst the solution was then black with a slight blue tint. Afterwards, concentrated ammonia (9. 8mL) was added to the mixture. This created a very dark red solution, but upon setting, the color eventually faded to yellow with a bit of red in it. With this, the solution was then cooled in a tab water bath and hydrogen peroxide (10. 0mL, 6%) was added and heated to 65 degrees Celsius for 17 minutes. To crystallize, the solution was then places in another tap water bath, proceeded by an ice water bath. The brown crystals were then filtered by vacuum filtration and transferred to another beaker containing concentrated hydrochloric acid (2. 1mL) and water (41. 0mL). After all the crystals were dissolved, they were filtered by gravity filtration and washed with water (1. 7mL). The red/gold filtrate was collected, and another portion of concentrated hydrochloric acid(5. 2mL) was added. The filtrate was then cooled on ice to crystallize once more. Upon cooling, the solution turned bright orange. The sides of the erlenmeyer flask had to be scratched vigorously to help induce the production of crystals. Finally, the crystals were filtered once more by vacuum filtration, and dried between two pieces of large filter paper. The final product were bright orange crystals(0. 123g) at a 2. 36% yield. Synthesis of pentaamminechlorocobalt(III) chloride: To start the synthesis, solid ammonium chloride (7. 560g) was added to a beaker containing ammonia (44. 6mL, 14M). While stirring, finely powdered cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate (7. 465g) was slowly added.